Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Applied Biotechnology Reports2322-11862220150601A Review on Biodegradation of Toxic Organophosphate Compounds21522469174ENSafar AliAhmadizad FirozjaeiApplied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranBiotechnology Center of Semnan University, Semnan, IranAli MohammadLatifiApplied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-8952-5174SamanehKhodiApplied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranShamsozzohaAbolmaaliBiotechnology Center of Semnan University, Semnan, IranAliChoopaniApplied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Biology, Payamenoor University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-9072-5085Journal Article20150115Daily, organophosphorus compounds (OPs) in human life, has found wide applications. Although OPs have biodegradability potential, they induce clinical problems in humans and other organism. Different methods are used to detoxify these compounds. In the meantime, biodegradation is preferred as a compatible way to the environment since it produces less toxic compounds. Enzymes capable to degrade the OPs are of the most important items in the biodegradation. Genetic manipulation involved in the production of these enzymes has been employed in bacteria, and finally, is used for the mass production of recombinant microorganisms. In this paper, the role of organophosphates on human life and the ways to destroy toxic organophosphates are studied.https://www.biotechrep.ir/article_69174_64aa7466b0c15d84093c927090725409.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Applied Biotechnology Reports2322-11862220150601Molecular Characterization of Virulence Factors in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli22522969176ENSeyed MohammadGheibi HayatYoung Researchers and Elite Club, Andimeshk Branch, Islamic Azad University, Andimeshk, IranSeyed LatifMousavi GargariDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, shahed University, Tehran, IranShahramNazarianDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Imam-Hossein University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-4693-877XHekmatallahMoradi MogarmonEducation Development Center, School of Medical, Medical University of Shiraz, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20150115Millions of diarrheal disease is made by <em>Enterotoxigenic E. coli </em>(ETEC) each year, specifically in developing countries. In the pathogenesis of ETEC infections, the first phase is sticking of the bacterium to the minute intestinal epithelium, as a result of colonization factors (CFs) mediation and subsequently generate enterotoxins. These CFs in accordance with their structure are diverged into discrete groups. CFA/I and CS6 are two of the most typical CFs. CFA/I is a fimbriae consists of a superior subunit, CfaB and inferior subunit, CfaE. CS6 is non-fimbrial which includes two main subunits, CssA and CssB. The enterotoxins caused by ETEC are related to two eminent classes of heat-labile toxins (LT) and heat stable toxins (ST). LT is formed of five B subunits and a single enzymatically active A. Its B subunits tied up to the enteral GM1 ganglioside receptors in the intestinal epithelium and A subunit whose ADP-ribosylating activity culminates in cellular adenylcyclase activation and an increase in cAMP, efflux of chloride ions and water and succeeding watery diarrhea. Guanylatecyclase (GC) is receptor for the ST toxin. Intracellular levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) increase when ST binds to GC. Such increase in cGMP permits activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) by phosphorylation-dependent cGMP protein kinase II producing an escalation in salt and secretion of water and prevention of sodium absorption through h the apical Na/H channel.More information about the CFs and enterotoxins of pathogen leads to more founding of ETEC virulence, and the founding is important to designing an appropriate vaccine.https://www.biotechrep.ir/article_69176_bc3e14e2ab565f7787d753233df681d1.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Applied Biotechnology Reports2322-11862220150601Development and Evaluation of a Real-time RT-PCR Technique for Detecting Matrix Gene of Influenza Virus Type A in Human Throat Swab Samples23123469178ENMohammadNajaraslApplied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMohammad SadeghHashemzadehApplied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranBentolhodaZahraeiApplied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSamanehZahiri YeganehApplied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMahdiTatApplied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMojtabaShartiApplied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranEhsanZafariApplied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranRuhollahDorostkarApplied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2574-1150Journal Article20150115Influenza A virus is now considered to be widespread in poultry and has demonstrated the ability to infect humans in Iran. For laboratory diagnosis of these respiratory viruses, it is essential to have rapid methods, able to detect viruses in early stages of the infection in clinical specimens. The real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction n (rRT-PCR) assay has been established as a standard method for Influenza virus type A diagnosis inpatients. In this study, we evaluated a single-tube rRT-PCR assay, targeting to the highly conserved region of matrix (M) gene for detection of the virus. In this experimental study, after preparation of 100throat mucus samples, respective RNA was extracted from the virus by using viral RNA extraction kit. Two specific primers were synthesized, based on the conserved region of Influenza type AM-gene and a home-brewed one-step SYBR Green based rRT-PCR was developed and evaluated for detection of Influenza type A infection in the viral samples, on the basis of melting curve analysis. The presence of M-gene in RNAs, extracted from 53viralsamples, was confirmed by this single-tube rRT-PCR assay, and after 45 amplification cycles, the melting curve analysis revealed the melting temperature (Tm) of 83.2 ± 0.5°C for various viral samples, quite different from that of primer-dimers and the positive samples showed only a small variation in parameters. This study showed that the developed one-step rRT-PCR assay is the proper molecular method for rapid and accurate diagnosis of Influenza A by detection of M-protein encoding gene.https://www.biotechrep.ir/article_69178_bcd3e0ca9ad2dc2fe0cbfa1bfb882526.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Applied Biotechnology Reports2322-11862220150601Effect of Polysorbate 20 on Nucleation Rate of Interferon Beta-1b Aggregation23524069179ENZahraEbrahimiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranHamidRashediDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAhmadFazeliBiotechnology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20140215The aggregation of protein is the most prevalent and the most disturbing kind of instability and this challenge exists in almost every stage of the development of protein drug. The presence of insoluble aggregations in protein drugs will make the supply of the product a tough job. This study identifies the inhibition of the folded Interferon beta 1-b’s aggregation with the assistance of some excipients. It uses some thermal stress and mechanical methods to accelerate the aggregation, and also the spectroscopic method to identify the protein aggregation and its growth. Experimental data of the tests show compliance with the autocatalytic model. This model has been used to obtain the Kinetic constants of aggregation in different states and to make comparison with one another in the presence of some excipients. The kinetic constants were obtained by fitting the Autocatalytic model on data. Among these excipients, Polysorbate 20 of 0.01% (w/v) showed the best result in decreasing the aggregation. Using this excipient of 0.01% (w/v) in thermal stress causes dramatic reduction of nucleation constant from 8.3× 10<sup>-3 </sup>(min<sup>-1</sup>) to 4.14× 10<sup>-6</sup> (min<sup>-1</sup>), which indicates the reduction of protein aggregation in the solution.https://www.biotechrep.ir/article_69179_e993409b01c0b97a6e6b346fa12b7608.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Applied Biotechnology Reports2322-11862220150601Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Type upon Cell Dedifferentiation and Callus Induction in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)24124469180ENHamzehMinaeiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranDanialKahriziDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranBiotechnology for Drought Tolerance Department, Razi University, Kermanshah0000-0002-1717-6075AlirezaZebarjadiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranBiotechnology for Drought Tolerance Department, Razi University, Kermanshah0000-0002-7091-3847Journal Article20150415Chickpea (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.) is one of the most important sources of plant-based proteins. Somaclonal variation is a method for increasing the variation. The most common factors affecting somaclonal variation are explant types and growth regulators, in which the culture is established. The aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of the different growth regulators and explants sources on the induction of callus in chickpea (Bivanij cultivar). The callus induction experiment was conducted in MS medium supplemented by different concentrations of 2, 4-D (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L) plus 0.1 m/L BAP in five explants (embryo, seed, root, hypocotyls and cotyledon). The evaluated traits include days to callus induction, callus induction percentage and callus growth rate. The results showed that the best response of callus induction occurs in the medium supplemented by 2 mg/L 2, 4-D. The shortest time for callus induction was belong to embryo explant in the medium supplemented by 0.1 mg/L BAP + 1mg/L 2,4-D (4.25 days) and the longest time for callus induction was belong to cotyledon explant in the medium supplemented by 0.1mg/L BAP + 2 mg/L 2,4-D (14.25 days). The highest callus growth rate was belong to embryo in the medium supplemented by 1 mg/L 2, 4-D (0.1775 mm diameter/d)and the lowest was belong to cotyledon (0.02 mm diameter/d) in 4 mg/L 2, 4-D, and seed (0.01mm diameter/d) in 1 mg/L 2, 4-D.https://www.biotechrep.ir/article_69180_168ed8fca33c9571b2d6d9c429d7b417.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Applied Biotechnology Reports2322-11862220150601Substrate Diffusion Analysis in Immobilized Spherical Cell-Support Aggregate by Using of Least Square Method24525069182ENAliIzadiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Mazandaran, IranSobhanMosayebi DorchehDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Mazandaran, IranHamidRashediDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20150415In this study, the substrate diffusion in an immobilized spherical cell-support aggregate is studied and effects of various parameters are investigated on substrates profile. Analyses are performed by using of an analytical solution called the Least Square Method (LSM) and results are compared with numerical solution. The effects of effective diffusion coefficient (<em>D<sub>e</sub></em>), maximum specific growth rate (µm) and type of limiting substrate are studied on substrate concentration profile in immobilized <em>Nitrosomonas europaea</em> and <em>Nitrobacter agilis</em> microorganisms. Outcomes reveal that LSM is an appropriate method for analyze of biological non-linear equations. In the center of the spherical microbial support, the substrates concentration is minimums and with reducing <em>µm</em> or increasing <em>De</em>, substrate concentration profile gradient reduces.https://www.biotechrep.ir/article_69182_d8cf1c20f8f3590f6edbcfdd984eb1e9.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Applied Biotechnology Reports2322-11862220150601Comparison of Extraction Different Methods of Sodium Alginate from Brown Alga Sargassum sp. Localized in the Southern of Iran25125569183ENAli MohammadLatifiApplied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-8952-5174EhsanSadegh NejadApplied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHamidBabavalianApplied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20150415The alginate was extracted with six different methods from Iran south seacoast algae, <em>Sargassum</em> sp, and the percentage yield of alginate was determined. We divided our methods to two groups including acidic extraction and non-acidic. In acidic methods, HCL and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> were used as a detergent in extraction process and CaCl<sub>2</sub> was exerted in non-acidic treatments. All treatments compared with each other and indicated an increasing in alginate yield when different methods used EDTA in extraction process. Finally, the main characteristics of sodium alginate were realized with FT-IR and H-NMR.https://www.biotechrep.ir/article_69183_241982732a61f33f16414e0d94a49e22.pdf