Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports 2322-1186 13 1 2026 03 30 The Impact of Genetic Variations on Immune Dysregulation and Inflammatory Response in Pneumonia 1972 1981 242585 10.30491/jabr.2026.574287.1982 EN Oras Naji Hamad Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Maysan, Iraq 0009-0007-7141-3493 Nusaibah Khalid Saddam Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Maysan, Iraq Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Maysan, Iraq 0009-0002-5926-6463 Manar Naji Hamad Department of Science, College of Basic Education, Wasit University, Kut, Iraq 0009-0004-7914-7474 Journal Article 2026 02 06 Introduction: Pneumonia remains an important medical issue, associated with various illnesses and deaths, and is strongly dependent on host defense mechanisms. Polymorphisms in immune-regulating genes may affect the production and secretion of certain cytokines, thereby increasing the inflammatory response during an infection. This study aimed to establish the association between inflammatory cytokines, immune-related polymorphisms, and inflammatory marker expression in patients with pneumonia. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-two patients with pneumonia and thirty healthy controls were enrolled at Baghdad Medical City Teaching Hospital from March to August 2025. Their serum cytokine and inflammatory marker levels were determined using ELISA. Polymorphisms in the genes IL6, IL10, TLR4, NLRP3, IFN-γ, and CRP were studied using PCR and qPCR. Results: Pneumonia patients (n = 122) had significantly increased IL-6 (118.4 ± 35.7 vs. 16.2 ± 5.9 pg/ml), TNF-α (92.5 ± 28.6 vs. 14.8 ± 4.5 pg/ml), and CRP levels (76.2 ± 20.5 vs. 6.1 ± 3.0 mg/L) compared to controls (n = 30; all p < 0.001) and negative correlations between these mediators and IL-10 (r = -0.45). Conclusions: The immune and inflammatory responses in the patients' bodies are shown to become extensively unregulated and overactive as a result of IL6 and TLR4 cytokine expression and production, which are directly related to the severity of pneumonia.

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